Tetrahexdecyl Ascorbate
Tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate is a stable and oil‑soluble form of vitamin C, that brightens the appearance of uneven skin tone and boosts radiance while supporting collagen and defending against visible environmental damage.
Vitamin C Ester
Vitamin C Ester is a very stable, oil-soluble Vitamin C which has antioxidant activity, inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Topical use can help to relieve effects of UV exposure. Studies have shown it to clarify and brighten the skin thereby promoting a more even skin tone. Unlike ascorbic acid, it will not exfoliate or irritate skin.
Vitamin C SAP
Vitamin C SAP (Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate) is the sodium salt of ascorbyl phosphate, a stable derivative of L‑ascorbic acid designed for use in aqueous cosmetic formulations. Studies suggest SAP can convert to active L‑ascorbic acid in the skin and has documented antioxidant and anti‑blemish properties, including activity against Cutibacterium acnes and reduction of inflammatory lesions when used topically.
Vitamin C MAP
Vitamin C MAP (Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate) is the magnesium salt of ascorbyl phosphate, another stabilized form of vitamin C that is highly water‑soluble and less irritating than high‑strength L‑ascorbic acid. Research shows MAP can enhance collagen synthesis, provide antioxidant protection, and help improve hyperpigmentation and photoaging signs, making it popular in brightening and anti‑aging formulas.